Linux系统具有强大的包管理能力
一、包管理基本原理
linux系统具有强大的包管理能力，能够自动从互联网的软件仓库中搜索、安装、升级、卸载软件或操作系统。其基本原理为：
厂商或开源组织将软件包放至服务器中，构成源或软件仓库，以供用户下载使用；软件仓库有很多，国内常用的源有阿里源、清华源等等。ubuntu源信息记录在/etc/apt/sources.list中root@linux:/var/lib/apt/lists$ cat /etc/apt/sources.listdeb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiversedeb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiversedeb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiversedeb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiversedeb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiversedeb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiversedeb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiversedeb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiversedeb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiversedeb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiversedeb [arch=amd64] http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu bionic stable# deb-src [arch=amd64] http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu bionic stable执行apt-get update命令，则会根据/etc/apt/sources.list记录的源站信息，扫描源服务器，并建立软件包的索引文件，存放在/var/lib/apt/lists/中root@linux:/var/lib/apt/lists# lltotal 222044drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 12288 feb 7 10:17 ./drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 nov 13 2020 ../drwxr-xr-x 2 _apt root 4096 nov 16 2020 auxfiles/-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 nov 16 2020 lock-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 74562 feb 7 07:11 mirrors.aliyun.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic-backports_inrelease-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 59629 dec 16 00:17 mirrors.aliyun.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic-backports_main_binary-amd64_packages-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12910 dec 16 00:17 mirrors.aliyun.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic-backports_main_i18n_translation-en-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 17863 dec 16 00:17 mirrors.aliyun.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic-backports_main_source_sources-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 49624 dec 16 02:14 mirrors.aliyun.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic-backports_universe_binary-amd64_packages-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 15723 dec 16 02:14 mirrors.aliyun.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic-backports_universe_i18n_translation-en-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 20023 dec 16 02:14 mirrors.aliyun.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic-backports_universe_source_sources-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 242048 apr 27 2018 mirrors.aliyun.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic_inrelease......进一步，查看文件的信息，则：
root@linux:/var/lib/apt/lists# cat mirrors.aliyun.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic_inrelease | more-----begin pgp signed message-----hash: sha512origin: ubuntulabel: ubuntusuite: bionicversion: 18.04codename: bionicdate: thu, 26 apr 2018 23:37:48 utcarchitectures: amd64 arm64 armhf i386 ppc64el s390xcomponents: main restricted universe multiversedescription: ubuntu bionic 18.04md5sum: 32a92a5c20f378d42dd2d2f4f28f6637 628836439 contents-amd64 53c6a594819b51a5755f88b45d1eff7f 37766986 contents-arm64.gz cd7bf6d50403da4348ee48138eace986 585939706 contents-ppc64el af42d07307c5d1398c75e28986b36509 616261664 contents-i386 98f43960ac7029b4948a13614038593c 584794633 contents-armhf 31848d4faedf11946ff1af9c281f4e6b 39528051 contents-amd64.gz执行apt-get install xxx，则会根据软件包的索引文件，找到最新版本的软件包及其依赖关系，下载(或更新)、解压、安装和配置软件包。root@linux:/var/lib/apt/lists# apt-get install gitreading package lists... donebuilding dependency tree reading state information... donethe following package was automatically installed and is no longer required: grub-pc-binuse 'apt autoremove' to remove it.suggested packages: git-daemon-run | git-daemon-sysvinit git-doc git-el git-email git-gui gitk gitweb git-cvs git-mediawiki git-svnthe following packages will be upgraded: git1 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 315 not upgraded.执行apt-get upgrade，则可以将所有软件包一次性升级到最新版本。root@linux:/var/lib/apt/lists# apt-get upgrade......updating certificates in /etc/ssl/certs...0 added, 0 removed; done.running hooks in /etc/ca-certificates/update.d...done.done.processing triggers for initramfs-tools (0.130ubuntu3.13) ...update-initramfs: generating /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-122-generic二、工具apt-get和apt区别：
ubuntu 16.04版本前，使用apt-get、apt-cache和apt-config进行包的管理；存在的问题：命令过于分散，并且apt-cache和apt-config用得比较少。ubuntu 16.04版本发布时，引入apt命令以解决命令分散的问题；存在的问题：apt并未完全取代apt-get命令。apt命令 原有命令 命令的功能apt install apt-get install 安装软件包apt remove apt-get remove 移除软件包apt purge apt-get purge 移除软件包及配置文件apt update apt-get update 刷新存储库索引apt upgrade apt-get upgrade 升级所有可升级的软件包apt autoremove apt-get autoremove 自动删除不需要的包apt full-upgrade apt-get dist-upgrade 在升级软件包时自动处理依赖关系apt search apt-cache search 搜索应用程序apt show apt-cache show 显示安装细节
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linux系统具有强大的包管理能力，能够自动从互联网的软件仓库中搜索、安装、升级、卸载软件或操作系统。其基本原理为：
厂商或开源组织将软件包放至服务器中，构成源或软件仓库，以供用户下载使用；软件仓库有很多，国内常用的源有阿里源、清华源等等。ubuntu源信息记录在/etc/apt/sources.list中root@linux:/var/lib/apt/lists$ cat /etc/apt/sources.listdeb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiversedeb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiversedeb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiversedeb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiversedeb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiversedeb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiversedeb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiversedeb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiversedeb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiversedeb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiversedeb [arch=amd64] http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu bionic stable# deb-src [arch=amd64] http://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu bionic stable执行apt-get update命令，则会根据/etc/apt/sources.list记录的源站信息，扫描源服务器，并建立软件包的索引文件，存放在/var/lib/apt/lists/中root@linux:/var/lib/apt/lists# lltotal 222044drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 12288 feb 7 10:17 ./drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 nov 13 2020 ../drwxr-xr-x 2 _apt root 4096 nov 16 2020 auxfiles/-rw-r----- 1 root root 0 nov 16 2020 lock-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 74562 feb 7 07:11 mirrors.aliyun.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic-backports_inrelease-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 59629 dec 16 00:17 mirrors.aliyun.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic-backports_main_binary-amd64_packages-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12910 dec 16 00:17 mirrors.aliyun.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic-backports_main_i18n_translation-en-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 17863 dec 16 00:17 mirrors.aliyun.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic-backports_main_source_sources-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 49624 dec 16 02:14 mirrors.aliyun.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic-backports_universe_binary-amd64_packages-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 15723 dec 16 02:14 mirrors.aliyun.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic-backports_universe_i18n_translation-en-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 20023 dec 16 02:14 mirrors.aliyun.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic-backports_universe_source_sources-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 242048 apr 27 2018 mirrors.aliyun.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic_inrelease......进一步，查看文件的信息，则：
root@linux:/var/lib/apt/lists# cat mirrors.aliyun.com_ubuntu_dists_bionic_inrelease | more-----begin pgp signed message-----hash: sha512origin: ubuntulabel: ubuntusuite: bionicversion: 18.04codename: bionicdate: thu, 26 apr 2018 23:37:48 utcarchitectures: amd64 arm64 armhf i386 ppc64el s390xcomponents: main restricted universe multiversedescription: ubuntu bionic 18.04md5sum: 32a92a5c20f378d42dd2d2f4f28f6637 628836439 contents-amd64 53c6a594819b51a5755f88b45d1eff7f 37766986 contents-arm64.gz cd7bf6d50403da4348ee48138eace986 585939706 contents-ppc64el af42d07307c5d1398c75e28986b36509 616261664 contents-i386 98f43960ac7029b4948a13614038593c 584794633 contents-armhf 31848d4faedf11946ff1af9c281f4e6b 39528051 contents-amd64.gz执行apt-get install xxx，则会根据软件包的索引文件，找到最新版本的软件包及其依赖关系，下载(或更新)、解压、安装和配置软件包。root@linux:/var/lib/apt/lists# apt-get install gitreading package lists... donebuilding dependency tree reading state information... donethe following package was automatically installed and is no longer required: grub-pc-binuse 'apt autoremove' to remove it.suggested packages: git-daemon-run | git-daemon-sysvinit git-doc git-el git-email git-gui gitk gitweb git-cvs git-mediawiki git-svnthe following packages will be upgraded: git1 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 315 not upgraded.执行apt-get upgrade，则可以将所有软件包一次性升级到最新版本。root@linux:/var/lib/apt/lists# apt-get upgrade......updating certificates in /etc/ssl/certs...0 added, 0 removed; done.running hooks in /etc/ca-certificates/update.d...done.done.processing triggers for initramfs-tools (0.130ubuntu3.13) ...update-initramfs: generating /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-122-generic二、工具apt-get和apt区别：
ubuntu 16.04版本前，使用apt-get、apt-cache和apt-config进行包的管理；存在的问题：命令过于分散，并且apt-cache和apt-config用得比较少。ubuntu 16.04版本发布时，引入apt命令以解决命令分散的问题；存在的问题：apt并未完全取代apt-get命令。apt命令 原有命令 命令的功能apt install apt-get install 安装软件包apt remove apt-get remove 移除软件包apt purge apt-get purge 移除软件包及配置文件apt update apt-get update 刷新存储库索引apt upgrade apt-get upgrade 升级所有可升级的软件包apt autoremove apt-get autoremove 自动删除不需要的包apt full-upgrade apt-get dist-upgrade 在升级软件包时自动处理依赖关系apt search apt-cache search 搜索应用程序apt show apt-cache show 显示安装细节
果蔬农药残留检测仪的作用是什么
新型传感器的检测方法
中国移动携20余家产业伙伴成立“信息通信芯片产业链创新中心”
华为终于亮剑，P30Pro跌至“清仓价”已经不值得入手？
基于电力电子变压器并联运行动态仿真
Linux系统具有强大的包管理能力
诺基亚新旗舰，诺基亚7、诺基亚8或将一起来，就问诺粉期待不？
魔视智能MOTOVIS助力创维汽车，L2+超万台量产交付
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U-BOOT的特点及利用其构建开发板的引导装载程序
在锂离子电池领域中的测试方法
江苏：三年创建约50家省级智能制造示范工厂
北斗星通22nm芯片先进吗？
∑-ΔADC(第二部分):调节器
首款去中心化的区块链云存储应用产品DxBox正式发布
加拿大Bryston的分立元件大功率功放电路,High-power amplifier
电源电路图分享 电源防反接电路总结
大众汽车近日宣布向QuantumScape投资约1亿美元
主动出击，Commvault数据保护创新加速网络防御和响应
支付宝有1亿人能够集到敬业福卡，会有9000多万人分到几毛钱