单节锂离子充电座充电器线性AC适配器-Single-Cell
abstract: the single cell lithium-ion (li-ion) battery charger that does not dissipate power (no heat) can also use a low cost linear ac adapter. this application note discusses how to design a simple and low-cost li-ion charger.
introductionmany handheld devices are using a single-cell li+ battery, and they demand a simple and economic charging solution. a cradle charger is one choice and it is getting more attention from system design engineers because they do not need to worry about built-in charging logic in their handheld devices. the cradle charger provides a complete standalone li+ charger solution.
this application note describes an inductorless and virtually lossless single-cell li+ cradle charger using a low-cost linear adapter.
linear input power supply for the cradle chargerfigure 1 depicts a block diagram of the off-line cradle charger. in the off-line cradle charger market, vendors use a separate ac/dc adapter or built-in ac/dc conversion in the cradle enclosure. the most economic solution for the ac/dc adapter is a linear transformer.
figure 1. off-line cradle charger block diagram.
as shown in figure 2, this simple linear ac adapter does not have a voltage and current regulation circuit, but if the ac input voltage variation and the output impedance of the ac linear transformer adapter are known its output characteristics can be predicted.
figure 2. ac linear transformer adapter block diagram.
figure 3 shows the equivalent circuit diagram of the figure 2 linear transformer. zout is the output impedance of the ac linear adapter.
figure 3. equivalent circuit diagram of the linear transformer adapter.
we can design a transformer that has a turn ratio n.
n= np/ns= vin/vs
if vin=120vac and vs=12vac, then n is 10. if the vin's variation is ±10%, the vs will vary ±10% as well.
the output voltage of the figure 2 adapter at rload:
vout = (1/n) × vin × rload/ (zout + rload)
for example, if vout1 = 9v at 1ma and vout2 = 4.5v at 500ma load under the nominal ac input, the output impedance of the ac linear transformer adapter should be
zout = (vout1 - vout2)/(500ma - 1ma)
= (9 - 4.5)/ 0.499
= 9ω
figure 4 shows the output voltage and current characteristics of an example linear adapter, rated input = 120vac 60hz and output = 3.7v at 350ma, that was designed as in figure 2.
figure 4. output characteristics of a 3.7v at 300ma linear adapter.
table 1. output load vs. output voltage
output load
output voltage (vrms)
0a
7.812v
100ma
6.218v
200ma
5.160v
300ma
4.140v
400ma
3.160v
500ma
2.120v
600ma
0.99v
670ma
0v
since the output voltage and current are limited, the output power is limited. even though this linear ac adapter has poor line and load regulation, it is a very good choice for the input power supply of the max1879 li+ charger. the thermal fuse and the ptc (positive temperature coefficient) resistor in figure 2 may be used for over-temperature protection and ul safety requirements.
the max1879 li+ chargerthe max1879 battery charger for a single-cell li+ comes in an 8-pin µmax package. this device, in conjunction with the ac linear transformer adapter and a pmos fet, allows safe and fast charging of a single li+ cell. the max1879 is not only an inductorless required solution, but also the lowest power dissipated solution among single-cell li+ battery chargers. figure 5 shows an actual application circuit, which includes a charging state led, a thermistor, and a reverse current protection diode.
figure 5. the max1879 high efficient li+ charger.
the max1879 initiates charging in one of three ways: battery insertion, charger power-up, or external manipulation of the therm pin. chg\ led turns off when the on/off duty cycle falls to 1/8, and charging terminates when the on-chip counter times out. key safety features include continuous voltage and temperature monitoring, a programmable charger time-out, and a 8ma precharge current mode to charge near-dead cells. automatic detection of input power removal shuts down the device, minimizing current drain from the battery. an overall system accuracy of 0.75% ensures that the cell capacity is fully utilized without cycle life degradation.
figure 6. the output waveform of the 3.7v at 350ma ac adapter and the charging current with the max1879 charger shown in figure 5.
summarythe max1879 with a current limited linear wall adapter can produce the most economic and efficient solution for the single-cell li+ off-line cradle charger, with virtually no power loss on the pmos fet. it can be easily designed for handheld devices or battery packs without excessive power dissipation and heat problems.
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introductionmany handheld devices are using a single-cell li+ battery, and they demand a simple and economic charging solution. a cradle charger is one choice and it is getting more attention from system design engineers because they do not need to worry about built-in charging logic in their handheld devices. the cradle charger provides a complete standalone li+ charger solution.
this application note describes an inductorless and virtually lossless single-cell li+ cradle charger using a low-cost linear adapter.
linear input power supply for the cradle chargerfigure 1 depicts a block diagram of the off-line cradle charger. in the off-line cradle charger market, vendors use a separate ac/dc adapter or built-in ac/dc conversion in the cradle enclosure. the most economic solution for the ac/dc adapter is a linear transformer.
figure 1. off-line cradle charger block diagram.
as shown in figure 2, this simple linear ac adapter does not have a voltage and current regulation circuit, but if the ac input voltage variation and the output impedance of the ac linear transformer adapter are known its output characteristics can be predicted.
figure 2. ac linear transformer adapter block diagram.
figure 3 shows the equivalent circuit diagram of the figure 2 linear transformer. zout is the output impedance of the ac linear adapter.
figure 3. equivalent circuit diagram of the linear transformer adapter.
we can design a transformer that has a turn ratio n.
n= np/ns= vin/vs
if vin=120vac and vs=12vac, then n is 10. if the vin's variation is ±10%, the vs will vary ±10% as well.
the output voltage of the figure 2 adapter at rload:
vout = (1/n) × vin × rload/ (zout + rload)
for example, if vout1 = 9v at 1ma and vout2 = 4.5v at 500ma load under the nominal ac input, the output impedance of the ac linear transformer adapter should be
zout = (vout1 - vout2)/(500ma - 1ma)
= (9 - 4.5)/ 0.499
= 9ω
figure 4 shows the output voltage and current characteristics of an example linear adapter, rated input = 120vac 60hz and output = 3.7v at 350ma, that was designed as in figure 2.
figure 4. output characteristics of a 3.7v at 300ma linear adapter.
table 1. output load vs. output voltage
output load
output voltage (vrms)
0a
7.812v
100ma
6.218v
200ma
5.160v
300ma
4.140v
400ma
3.160v
500ma
2.120v
600ma
0.99v
670ma
0v
since the output voltage and current are limited, the output power is limited. even though this linear ac adapter has poor line and load regulation, it is a very good choice for the input power supply of the max1879 li+ charger. the thermal fuse and the ptc (positive temperature coefficient) resistor in figure 2 may be used for over-temperature protection and ul safety requirements.
the max1879 li+ chargerthe max1879 battery charger for a single-cell li+ comes in an 8-pin µmax package. this device, in conjunction with the ac linear transformer adapter and a pmos fet, allows safe and fast charging of a single li+ cell. the max1879 is not only an inductorless required solution, but also the lowest power dissipated solution among single-cell li+ battery chargers. figure 5 shows an actual application circuit, which includes a charging state led, a thermistor, and a reverse current protection diode.
figure 5. the max1879 high efficient li+ charger.
the max1879 initiates charging in one of three ways: battery insertion, charger power-up, or external manipulation of the therm pin. chg\ led turns off when the on/off duty cycle falls to 1/8, and charging terminates when the on-chip counter times out. key safety features include continuous voltage and temperature monitoring, a programmable charger time-out, and a 8ma precharge current mode to charge near-dead cells. automatic detection of input power removal shuts down the device, minimizing current drain from the battery. an overall system accuracy of 0.75% ensures that the cell capacity is fully utilized without cycle life degradation.
figure 6. the output waveform of the 3.7v at 350ma ac adapter and the charging current with the max1879 charger shown in figure 5.
summarythe max1879 with a current limited linear wall adapter can produce the most economic and efficient solution for the single-cell li+ off-line cradle charger, with virtually no power loss on the pmos fet. it can be easily designed for handheld devices or battery packs without excessive power dissipation and heat problems.
谷歌“实际上已经终止”开发中国版搜索引擎的“蜻蜓项目”计划
极低输入电压升压转换器支持直接甲醇燃料电池助听器
谷歌、苹果、海尔和小米纷纷盯上的智能家居，为什么消费者却不买账
集聚传感器相关企业超4000家！河南郑州高新区“一谷多园”产业空间布局形成
五分钟了解亚洲首届CES电子展奥迪新技术
单节锂离子充电座充电器线性AC适配器-Single-Cell
乙方通用 | 怎样牛bility的联动甲方
2012全球半导体营收可达3090亿美元
京东方QLED获得重大突破，需要更多工作来赶超三星和LG在OLED领域
各个领域都是怎样结合区块链技术的
Merlin HugeCTR v4.3 发布说明
一种新型的USB通信技术研究
单片机教程十七:单片机的中断系统
刘烈宏：进一步发挥技术创新，推动形成网络安全产业的发展合力
什么是HFC? 经济实用的综合数字服务宽带网接入技术
2020年中国汽车动力电池组出货量及预测
会议系统设计组成及功能
台积电于将下月开始测试10纳米制程流水线
智能家居未来发展趋势 2018年中国智能家居市场达1800亿人民币
浪潮推出全新5款AI服务器，可应对多种人工智能计算场景